Nikolay Kudryashov

The family of generalized Schrödinger equations is considered with the Kerr nonlinearity. The partial differential equations are not integrable by the inverse scattering transform and new solutions of this family are sought taking into account the traveling wave reduction. The compatibility of the overdetermined system of equations is analyzed and constraints for parameters of equations are obtained. A modification of the simplest equation method for finding embedded solitons is presented. A block diagram for finding a solution to the nonlinear ordinary differential equation is given. The theorem on the existence of bright solitons for differential equations of any order with Kerr nonlinearity of the family considered is proved. Exact solutions of embedded solitons described by fourth-, sixth-, eighth and tenthorder equations are found using the modified algorithm of the simplest equation method. New solutions for embedded solitons of generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equations with several extremes are obtained.

Self-similar reductions for equations of the Kupershmidt and Sawada – Kotera hierarchies are considered. Algorithms for constructing a Lax pair for equations of these hierarchies are presented. Lax pairs for ordinary differential equations of the fifth, seventh and eleventh orders corresponding to the Kupershmidt and the Sawada – Kotera hierarchies are given. The Lax pairs allow us to solve these equations by means of the inverse monodromy transform method. The application of the Painlevé test to the seventh order of the similarity reduction for the Kupershmidt hierarchy is demonstrated. It is shown that special solutions of the similarity reductions for the Kupershnmidt and Sawada – Kotera hierarchies are determined via the transcendents of the $K_1$ and $K_2$ hierarchies. Rational solutions of the similarity reductions of the modified Kupershmidt and Sawada – Kotera hierarchies are given. Special polynomials associated with the self-similar reductions of the Kupershmidt and Sawada – Kotera hierarchies are presented. Rational solutions of some hierarchies are calculated by means of the Miura transformations and taking into account special polynomials.

A nonlinear fourth-order differential equation with arbitrary refractive index for description of the pulse propagation in an optical fiber is considered. The Cauchy problem for this equation cannot be solved by the inverse scattering transform and we look for solutions of the equation using the traveling wave reduction. We present a novel method for finding soliton solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. The essence of this method is based on the hypothesis about the possible type of an auxiliary equation with an already known solution. This new auxiliary equation is used as a basic equation to look for soliton solutions of the original equation. We have found three forms of soliton solutions of the equation at some constraints on parameters of the equation.

Nonlinear differential equations associated with the second Painlevé equation are considered. Transformations for solutions of the singular manifold equation are presented. It is shown that rational solutions of the singular manifold equation are determined by means of the Yablonskii – Vorob’ev polynomials. It is demonstrated that rational solutions for some differential equations are also expressed via the Yablonskii – Vorob’ev polynomials.

Self-similar reductions of the Sawada – Kotera and Kupershmidt equations are studied. Results of Painlevé's test for these equations are given. Lax pairs for solving the Cauchy problems to these nonlinear ordinary differential equations are found. Special solutions of the Sawada – Kotera and Kupershmidt equations expressed via the first Painlevé equation are presented. Exact solutions of the Sawada – Kotera and Kupershmidt equations by means of general solution for the first member of $K_2$ hierarchy are given. Special polynomials for expressions of rational solutions for the equations considered are introduced. The differentialdifference equations for finding special polynomials corresponding to the Sawada – Kotera and Kupershmidt equations are found. Nonlinear differential equations of sixth order for special polynomials associated with the Sawada – Kotera and Kupershmidt equations are obtained. Lax pairs for nonlinear differential equations with special polynomials are presented. Rational solutions of the self-similar reductions for the Sawada – Kotera and Kupershmidt equations are given.

This paper considers the Radhakrishnan – Kundu – Laksmanan (RKL) equation to analyze dispersive nonlinear waves in polarization-preserving fibers. The Cauchy problem for this equation cannot be solved by the inverse scattering transform (IST) and we look for exact solutions of this equation using the traveling wave reduction. The Painlevé analysis for the traveling wave reduction of the RKL equation is discussed. A first integral of traveling wave reduction for the RKL equation is recovered. Using this first integral, we secure a general solution along with additional conditions on the parameters of the mathematical model. The final solution is expressed in terms of the Weierstrass elliptic function. Periodic and solitary wave solutions of the RKL equation in the form of the traveling wave reduction are presented and illustrated.

A self-similar reduction of the Korteweg–de Vries hierarchy is considered. A linear system of equations associated with this hierarchy is presented. This Lax pair can be used to solve the Cauchy problem for the studied hierarchy. It is shown that special solutions of the self-similar reduction of the KdV hierarchy are determined via the transcendents of the first Painlevé hierarchy. Rational solutions are expressed by means of the Yablonskii–Vorob’ev polynomials. The map of the solutions for the second Painlevé hierarchy into the solutions for the self-similar reduction of the KdV hierarchy is illustrated using the Miura transformation. Lax pairs for equations of the hierarchy for the Yablonskii–Vorob’ev polynomial are discussed. Special solutions to the hierarchy for the Yablonskii–Vorob’ev polynomials are given. Some other hierarchies with properties of the Painlevé hierarchies are presented. The list of nonlinear differential equations whose general solutions are expressed in terms of nonclassical functions is extended.

In this paper we study the problem of constructing and classifying stationary equilibria of point vortices on a cylindrical surface. Introducing polynomials with roots at vortex positions, we derive an ordinary differential equation satisfied by the polynomials. We prove that this equation can be used to find any stationary configuration. The multivortex systems containing point vortices with circulation $\Gamma_1$ and $\Gamma_2$ $(\Gamma_2 = -\mu\Gamma_1)$ are considered in detail. All stationary configurations with the number of point vortices less than five are constructed. Several theorems on existence of polynomial solutions of the ordinary differential equation under consideration are proved. The values of the parameters of the mathematical model for which there exists an infinite number of nonequivalent vortex configurations on a cylindrical surface are found. New point vortex configurations are obtained.

The force-free Duffing–Van der Pol oscillator is considered. The truncated expansions for finding the solutions are used to look for exact solutions of this nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Conditions on parameter values of the equation are found to have the linearization of the Duffing–Van der Pol equation. The Painlevé test for this equation is used to study the integrability of the model. Exact solutions of this differential equation are found. In the special case the approach is simplified to demonstrate that some well-known methods can be used for finding exact solutions of nonlinear differential equations. The first integral of the Duffing–Van der Pol equation is found and the general solution of the equation is given in the special case for parameters of the equation. We also demonstrate the efficiency of the method for finding the first integral and the general solution for one of nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equations.

Contrast agent microbubbles, which are encapsulated gas bubbles, are widely used to enhance ultrasound imaging. There are also several new promising applications of the contrast agents such as targeted drug delivery and noninvasive therapy. Here we study three models of the microbubble dynamics: a nonencapsulated bubble oscillating close to an elastic wall, a simple coated bubble and a coated bubble near an elastic wall.We demonstrate that complex dynamics can occur in these models. We are particularly interested in the multistability phenomenon of bubble dynamics. We show that coexisting attractors appear in all of these models, but for higher acoustic pressures for the models of an encapsulated bubble.We demonstrate how several tools can be used to localize the coexisting attractors. We provide some considerations why the multistability can be undesirable for applications.

The standard FitzHugh–Nagumo model for description of impulse from one neuron to another is considered. The system of equations is transformed to a nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equation. It is shown that the differential equation does not pass the Painlevé test in the general case and the general solution of this equation does not exist. The simplest solutions of the system of equations are found. The second-order differential equation is transformed to another asymptotic equation with the general solution expressed via the Jacobi elliptic function. This transformation allows us to obtain the asymptotic solutions of the FitzHugh–Nagumo model. The perturbed FitzHugh–Nagumo model is studied as well. Taking into account the simplest equation method, the exact solutions of the perturbed system of equations are found. The asymptotic solutions of the perturbed model are presented too. The application of the exact solutions for construction of the neural networks is discussed.

The fourth-order analogue of the second Painlevé equation is considered. The monodromy manifold for a Lax pair associated with the $P_2^2$ equation is constructed. The direct monodromy problem for the Lax pair is solved. Asymptotic solutions expressed via trigonometric functions in the Boutroux variables along the rays $\phi = \frac{2}{5}\pi(2n+1)$ on the complex plane have been found by the isomonodromy deformations technique.

We study a family of Liénard-type equations. Such equations are used for the description of various processes in physics, mechanics and biology and also appear as travelingwave reductions of some nonlinear partial differential equations. In this work we find new conditions for the integrability of this family of equations. To this end we use an approach which is based on the application of nonlocal transformations. By studying connections between this family of Liénard-type equations and type III Painlevé–Gambier equations, we obtain four new integrability criteria. We illustrate our results by providing examples of some integrable Liénard-type equations. We also discuss relationships between linearizability via nonlocal transformations of this family of Liénard-type equations and other integrability conditions for this family of equations.

Polynomial dynamical systems describing interacting particles in the plane are studied. A method replacing integration of a polynomial multi-particle dynamical system by finding polynomial solutions of partial differential equations is introduced. The method enables one to integrate a wide class of polynomial multi-particle dynamical systems. The general solutions of certain dynamical systems related to linear second-order partial differential equations are found. As a by-product of our results, new families of orthogonal polynomials are derived.

The quadratic Lienard equation is widely used in many applications. A connection between this equation and a linear second-order differential equation has been discussed. Here we show that the whole family of quadratic Lienard equations can be transformed into an equation for the elliptic functions. We demonstrate that this connection can be useful for finding explicit forms of general solutions of the quadratic Lienard equation. We provide several examples of application of our approach.

The Lorenz system is considered. The Painlevé test for the third-order equation corresponding to the Lorenz model at $\sigma \ne 0$ is presented. The integrable cases of the Lorenz system and the first integrals for the Lorenz system are discussed. The main result of the work is the classification of the elliptic solutions expressed via the Weierstrass function. It is shown that most of the elliptic solutions are degenerated and expressed via the trigonometric functions. However, two solutions of the Lorenz system can be expressed via the elliptic functions.

A fifth-order nonlinear partial differential equation for the description of nonlinear waves in a liquid with gas bubbles is considered. Special solutions of this equation are studied. Some elliptic and simple periodic traveling wave solutions are constructed. Connection of selfsimilar solutions with Painlevé transcendents and their high-order analogs is discussed.

The life and career of the great French mathematician and politician Paul Painlevé is described. His contribution to the analytical theory of nonlinear differential equations was significant. The paper outlines the achievements of Paul Painlevé and his students in the investigation of an interesting class of nonlinear second-order equations and new equations defining a completely new class of special functions, now called the Painlevé transcendents. The contribution of Paul Painlevé to the study of algebraic nonintegrability of the $N$-body problem, his remarkable observations in mechanics, in particular, paradoxes arising in the dynamics of systems with friction, his attempt to create the axiomatics of mechanics and his contribution to gravitation theory are discussed.

It is well known that the self-similar solutions of the Korteweg–de Vries equation and the modified Korteweg–de Vries equation are expressed via the solutions of the first and second Painlevé equations. In this paper we solve this problem for all equations from the Korteveg–de Vries, modified Korteweg–de Vries, Kaup–Kupershmidt, Caudrey–Dodd–Gibbon and Fordy–Gibbons hierarchies. We show that the self-similar solutions of equations corresponding to hierarchies mentioned above can be found by means of the general solutions of higher-order Painlevé hierarchies introduced more than ten years ago.

The problem of constructing and classifying equilibrium and relative equilibrium configurations of point vortices on a sphere is studied. A method which enables one to find any such configuration is presented. Configurations formed by the vortices placed at the vertices of Platonic solids are considered without making the assumption that the vortices possess equal in absolute value circulations. Several new configurations are obtained.

Stationary equilibria of point vortices in the plane and on the cylinder in the presence of a background flow are studied. Vortex systems with an arbitrary choice of circulations are considered. Differential equations satisfied by generating polynomials of vortex configurations are derived. It is shown that these equations can be reduced to a single one. It is found that polynomials that are Wronskians of classical orthogonal polynomials solve the latter equation. As a consequence vortex equilibria at a certain choice of background flows can be described with the help of Wronskians of classical orthogonal polynomials.

Rational solutions and special polynomials associated with the generalized $K_2$ hierarchy are studied. This hierarchy is related to the Sawada–Kotera and Kaup–Kupershmidt equations and some other integrable partial differential equations including the Fordy–Gibbons equation. Differential–difference relations and differential equations satisfied by the polynomials are derived. The relationship between these special polynomials and stationary configurations of point vortices with circulations $\Gamma$ and $−2\Gamma$ is established. Properties of the polynomials are studied. Differential–difference relations enabling one to construct these polynomials explicitly are derived. Algebraic relations satisfied by the roots of the polynomials are found.

Some methods to look for exact solutions of nonlinear differential equations are discussed. It is shown that many popular methods are equivalent to each other. Several recent publications with "new" solitary wave solutions for the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation are analyzed. We demonstrate that all these solutions coincide with the known ones.

The generalized Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation in the case of the power nonlinearity with arbitrary degree is considered. New exact solutions of this equation are presented.

The fourth-order ordinary differential equation that denes the self-similar solutions of the Kaup–Kupershmidt and Sawada–Kotera equations is studied. This equation belongs to the class of fourth-order analogues of the Painlevé equations. All the power and non-power asymptotic forms and expansions near points $z = 0$, $z = \infty$ and near an arbitrary point $z = z_0$ are found by means of power geometry methods. The exponential additions to the solutions of the studied equation are also determined.